Radicale rechtvaardigheid: de noten

Inleiding
  1. Audre Lorde, ‘Age, race, class, and sex: women redefining difference’, in Sister Outsider, Audre Lorde (New York: Ten Speed Press, 1984, 2007), 116. Nederlandse versies van citaten uit dit boek komen uit de vertalingen van Sister Outsider gemaakt door Jenny Mijnhijmer, in 2020 gepubliceerd door Uitgeverij Pluim.
  2. Vrouw/vrouwen*: al mijn eigen verwijzingen naar gender in deze essays hebben betrekking op iedereen die zichzelf met dat gender identificeert. Waar ik verwijs naar of reflecteer op het werk van anderen doe ik dat niet. Zie de noot over woordkeuze.
  3. Geracialiseerd: alle mensen worden geracialiseerd door de maatschappij, ook witte mensen. In dit boek verwijst de term ‘geracialiseerd’ echter naar mensen die negatief geracialiseerd worden als ‘de ander’.
  4. Soraya Chemaly, Rage Becomes Her: The Power of Women’s Anger (New York: Atria Books, 2019), 89.
  5. Karl Marx, ‘Theses on Feuerbach’, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Selected Works, Volume 1, Karl Marx (Cabin John: Wildside Press, 1845, 2012), 15.
  6. Richard Jean So en Gus Wezerek, ‘Just How White Is the Book Industry?’ The New York Times, 11 december 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/11/opinion/culture/diversity-publishing-industry.html
  7. James Tager en Sharyf Rosaz, ‘Reading[…]'
  8. Audre Lorde, ‘Poetry is not a luxury’, in Sister Outsider, Audre Lorde (New York: Ten Speed Press, 1984, 2007), 39.
Een ode aan radicaal zijn
  1. Angela Davis, ‘Angela Davis: Women in a Post-Trump Era’, gefilmd in maart 2017, Women of the World Festival, https://www.youtube.com/live/lBgdzK3jfEg?si=Um3bvUk3Vu_u3qMZ
  2. ‘Living conditions in Europe: poverty and social exclusion’, EUROSTAT, European Commission, geraadpleegd op 22 juni 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion
  3. Chris Morris, ‘The world’s 10 wealthiest people got nearly half a trillion dollars richer in 2023 – and Elon Musk was the biggest winner’, Fortune, 2 januari 2024. https://fortune.com/2024/01/02/how-rich-top-10-billionaires-2023-wealth-increase-elon-musk-bernard-arnault/
  4. The Centi-Millionaire Report 2023 (London: Henley & Partners, 2023), ­https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/centi-millionaire-­report-2023
  5. Russel Flannery, ‘World Will Have Nearly 40% More Millionaires by 2026: Credit Suisse’, Forbes, 21 september 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2022/09/21/world-will-have-nearly-40-more-­millionaires-by-2026--credit-suisse/
  6. ‘Albania approves contested deal to hold asylum seekers for Italy’, Al Jazeera, 22 februari 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/22/albania-approves-contested-deal-to-hold-asylum-seekers-for-italy
  7. Jamila Versi, ‘Denmark’s “ghetto plan” and the communities it targets’, Al Jazeera, 15 januari 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/1/15/denmarks-ghetto-plan-and-the-communities-it-targets
  8. 'Tobias Kammersgaard, Demographic trends in Nøjsomhed-Sydvej and three compartor areas during the period 2013-2021 (Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2021), https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/d95c0bca-55af-42c5-bb5a-902dc5b6cf0f/report-n%C3%B8jsomhed-sydvej-and-three-comparator-areas_102021.pdf; Tobias Kammersgaard, Demographic report on 96 terminated households in Nøjsomhed-Sydvej (Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2021), https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/d95c0bca-55af-42c5-bb5a-902dc5b6cf0f/report-n%C3%B8jsomhed-sydvej-96-terminated-households_102021.pdf.
  9. Natalie Alcoba, ‘Year of the underdog: How “outsiders” upended Latin America’s elections’, Al Jazeera, 30 december 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/30/year-of-the-underdog-how-outsiders-upended-latin-americas-elections.
  10. Angela Davis, Freedom is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015), 145.
  11. Robert Jones Jr. op X (@sonofbaldwin), 18 augustus 2015, https://www.sonofbaldwin.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/TW-150808-670x525-1.jpg. Deze uitspraak wordt vaak ten onrechte aan James Baldwin toegeschreven.
  12. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Reconsidering Reparations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 173.
  13. Anand Giridharadas, The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds, and Democracy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2022), 231.
  14. Hope-Based Communications: Innovation Report 2019 (Amnesty International, 2019), http://icscentre.org/innovationreport/2019/portfolio-item/hope-based-communications/.
  15. Thomas Coombes, ‘Hope not fear: A new model for communicating human rights’, Medium, 10 december 2017. https://medium.com/@the_hope_guy/hope-not-fear-a-new-model-for-communicating-human-rights-d98c0d6bf57b.
  16. adrienne marie brown, Emergent Strategy: Shaping Change, Changing Worlds (Chicago: AK Press, 2017), 164.
  17. Ainge Roy in Eleanor Dunedin, ‘New Zealand river granted same legal rights as human being’, 16 maart 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/16/new-zealand-river-granted-same-legal-rights-as-human-being.
  18. ‘Home’, Deccan Development Society, geraadpleegd op 12 maart 2024, https://www.ddsindia.org/.
  19. Ashish Kothari, ‘These Alternative Economies Are Inspirations for a Sustainable World’, Scientific American, 1 juni 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/these-alternative-economies-are-inspirations-for-a-sustainable-world/.
  20. Toni Cade Bambara, ‘An Interview with Toni Cade Bambara: Kay ­Bonetti’, in Conversations with Toni Cade Bambara, ed. Thabiti Lewis (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2012), 35.
Heldenvereering in activisme
  1. 'bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Pluto Press, 1982), 89.
  2. bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Pluto Press, 1982), 89.
  3. Karen Baker-Fletcher (eds.), ‘Newsletter’, Society for the Study of Black Religion 1, no.1, February 2003, geraadpleegd op 22 februari 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081456/http:/www.ssbr.net/ssmedia/pdfs/Newsletter_2003.pdf.
  4. Courtney Pace, ‘Freedom Faith The Womanist Vision of Prathia Hall’ (2019).
  5. Michael Eric Dyson, ‘Freedom was foremost for Philly activist – Like King she inspired, gifted minister, fought oppression wherever’, The Chicago Sun Times, 20 augustus 2002. https://chicagosuntimes.newsbank.com/doc/news/0F5A76108496A13F.
  6. ‘Kids Company – What Happened?’ Renegade Inc., 15 december 2017, https://renegadeinc.com/kids-company-what-happened/.
  7. Kirsty Weakly, ‘Kids Company directors win High Court case’, Civil Society, 12 februari 2021. https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/kids-company-directors-win-high-court-case.html.
  8. ‘Kids Company founder calls for apology from Gove’, BBC News, 25 februari 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56197167.
  9. Angela Davis, Freedom is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015), 2.
  10. Michaela Loach, It’s Not That Radical: Climate Action to Transform our World (Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2023).
  11. Rachel Segal, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Black Panthers’, The Perspective, geraadpleegd op 9 februari 2024. https://www.theperspective.com/subjective-timeline/politics/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-black-panthers.
  12. ‘Ella Baker: How to grow a movement’, The Attic, 24 juni 2021. https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2021/6/24/786qs5w195sxcwyqp6jsim6eoi0nkd.
  13. Jake Okechukwu Effoduh, ‘Why Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement is more than a call to end policy brutality’, World Economic Forum, 21 december 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/nigeria-endsars-police-brutality-protest/.
  14. Stephanie Delahunty, ‘Think tank accuses Conservative MPs of attempting to “weaponise” the Charity Commission’, ThirdSector, 20 april 2021. https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/think-tank-accuses conservative-mps-attempting-weaponise-charitcommission/governance/article/1713492.
  15. Rebecca Cooney, ‘Charity Commission accused of “undue scrutiny” of Muslim Charities’, ThirdSector, 23 september 2019. https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/charity-commission-accused-undue-scrutiny-muslim-charities/governance/article/1660369
De perfecte eiser
  1. Peter Noorlander, ‘Court Clears the Way for Greater Press Freedom in Africa’, Open Society Foundations Voices, 11 december 2014, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/court-clears-way-greater-press-freedom-africa.
  2. ‘African Court on human and people’s rights hears first freedom of expression case’, Southern Africa Litigation Centre, 24 maart 2014, https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2014/03/24/african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-hears-first-freedom-of-expression-case/.
  3. ‘Norma McCorvey Versus Jane Roe’, Longreads, 4 mei 2017, https://longreads.com/2017/05/04/norma-mccorvey-versus-jane-roe/.
  4. Cynthia Godsoe, ‘Perfect Plaintiffs’, The Yale Law Journal 125 (2015-2016), Forum, https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/perfect-plaintiffs.
  5. ‘Dossier: politiedoden’, Controle Alt Delete, geraadpleegd op 4 juni 2024, https://controlealtdelete.nl/dossier-politiedoden#gsc.tab=0.
  6. ‘The Counted: People killed by police in the US’, The Guardian, december 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database.
  7. Vilissa Thompson, ‘Understanding the Policing of Black, Disabled Bodies’, Center for American Progress, 10 februari 2021, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/understanding-policing-black-disabled-bodies; Harriet Tubman Collective, ‘Disability Solidarity: Completing the “Vision for Black Lives”’, 7 september 2016, https://medium.com/@harriettubmancollective/disability-solidarity-completing-the-vision-for-black-lives-119ee03e9822.
  8. Vikram Dodd, ‘Black people seven times more likely to die after police restraint in Britain, figures show’, The Guardian, 19 februari 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/19/black-people-seven-times-more-likely-to-die-after-police-restraint-in-britain-figures-show.
  9. Vikram Dodd, ‘Police watchdog refused to back use of stop and search without suspicion’, The Guardian, 15 december 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/dec/15/police-watchdog-refuses-to-back-use-of-stop-and-search-without-suspicion.
  10. Juliette Jabkhiro en Layli Foroudi, ‘France riots: What are rules on police shooting at traffic stops’, Reuters, 3 juli 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-police-use-of-force-powers-road-traffic-stops-2023-06-28/.
  11. Lara Bullens, ‘Police violence: How can France tackle racial profiling without first addressing race?’, France 24, 9 juli 2023, https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20230709-france-s-police-dilemma-how-to-combat-racial-profiling-without-talking-about-race
  12. Daniele Selby, ‘8 Facts You Should Know About Racial Injustice in the Criminal Legal System’. Innocence project, 6 februari 2022. https://innocenceproject.org/facts-racial-discrimination-justice-system-wrongful-conviction-black-history-month/.
  13. ‘Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census’, United States Census Bureau, 12 augustus 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html.
  14. ‘Criminal Justice Factsheet’, NAACP, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://naacp.org/resources/criminal-justice-fact-sheet.
  15. Demographic Differences in Sentencing: An Update to the 2012 Booker Report (United States Sentencing Commission, 2017), https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171114_Demographics.pdf.
  16. ‘Arrests’. OV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures, 24 oktober 2023, https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-the-law/policing/number-of-arrests/latest/.
  17. ‘Race’, Prison Reform Trust, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/project/race/. Zie ook ‘Ethnicity facts and figures’, GOV.UK, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/.
  18. Prison Reform Trust, ‘Race’.
  19. ‘Ethnic minorities more likely to be jailed than white Dutch: research’, Dutch News, 29 januari 2015, https://www.dutchnews.nl/2015/01/ethnic-minorities-more-likely-to-be-jailed-than-white-dutch-research/.
  20. Sam Petherick, ‘EasyJet passengers stage mutiny to stop black men being “booted out for huffing”’, Metro, 7 augustus 2021, https://metro.co.uk/2021/08/07/easyjet-passengers-stage-mutiny-to-stop-black-men-being-booted-out-for-huffing-15053765/.
  21. ‘Nigerian family refused entry to swimming pool in Italy, sparking racism row’, Wanted in Rome, 18 augustus 2022, https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/italy-asti-swimming-pool-racism-debate.html.
  22. Lizzie Dearden, ‘Burkini ban: Why is France arresting Muslim women for wearing full-body swimwear and why are people so angry’, The Independent, 24 augustus 2016, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-ban-why-is-france-arresting-muslim-women-for-wearing-fullbody-swimwear-and-why-are-people-so-angry-a7207971.html.
  23. Emma Dabiri, ‘Black pupils are being wrongly excluded over their hair. I’m trying to end this discrimination’, The Guardian, 25 februari 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/25/black-pupils-excluded-hair-discrimination-equality-act; Sally Weale, ‘Schools in Great Britain warned not to ban minority pupils’ hair styles’, The Guardian, 27 oktober 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/oct/27/schools-in-great-britain-warned-not-to-ban-minority-pupils-hair-styles.
  24. Maya Yang en Joana Walters, ‘Kyle Rittenhouse found not guilty after fatally shooting two in Kenosha unrest’, The Guardian, 19 november 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kyle-rittenhouse-verdict-kenosha-shooting.
  25. Harman Mann, ‘R v Morris: Systemic racism and the Sentencing of Black Offenders’, The Court.ca, 19 januari 2022, http://www.thecourt.ca/r-v-morris-systemic-racism-and-the-sentencing-of-black-offenders/.
  26. Mann, ‘R v Morris’.
  27. Mann, ‘R v Morris’.
  28. Ijeoma Olou, Mediocre: The Dangerous Legacy of White Male America (Seal Press, 2020), p. 3-4.
  29. ‘In landmark decision, African court rules imprisonment for defamation violates free expression', IFEX, 10 december 2014, https://ifex.org/in-landmark-decision-african-court-rules-imprisonment-for-defamation-violates-free-expression/.
Over het gebruiken van het gereedschap van de meester: procederen voor systeemverandering
  1. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Reconsidering Reparations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 204.
  2. Robert Barnes, ‘Supreme court rules nationwide gay couples have a right to marry’, The Washington Post, 26 juni 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gay-marriage-and-other-major-rulings-at-the-supreme-court/2015/06/25/ef75a120-1b6d-11e5-bd7f-4611a60dd8e5_story.html.
  3. Obergefell et al. v. Hodges, Director, Ohio Department of Health, Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, 26 juni 2015, 664, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/boundvolumes/576BV.pdf – page=689.
  4. Michael J. Rosenfeld, ‘Moving a Mountain: The Extraordinary Trajectory of Same-Sex Marriage Approval in the United States’, Socius, no. 3 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117727658.
  5. Michael J. Rosenfeld, ‘Social science for social change: the story of marriage equality in the US’, Futurum, 11 mei 2023. https://futurumcareers.com/social-science-for-social-change.
  6. Justin McCarthy. ‘U.S. Same-Sex Marriage Support Holds at 71% High’, Gallup, 5 juni 2023, https://news.gallup.com/poll/506636/sex-marriage-support-holds-high.aspx.
  7. Tessa E.S. Charlesworth en Mahzarin R. Banaji, ‘Research: How Americans’ Biases Are Changing (or Not) Over Time’, Harvard Business Review, 2 augustus 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/08/research-on-many-issues-americans-biases-are-decreasing.
  8. Charlesworth en Banaji, ‘Research: How Americans’ Biases Are Changing (or Not) Over Time’.
  9. Charlesworth en Banaji, ‘Research: How Americans’ Biases Are Changing (or Not) Over Time’.
  10. ‘Supreme Court Order in Baker v. Nelson’, Docs Teach, 10 oktober 1972, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/supreme-court-order-baker-v-nelson.
  11. Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, European Court of Human Rights, 2010, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-99605.
  12. Audre Lorde, ‘The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house’, in Sister Outsider, Audre Lorde (New York: Ten Speed Press, 1984, 2007), 112.
  13. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Reconsidering Reparations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021); Adom Getachew, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019).
  14. ‘A decade of cuts: Legal aid in tatters’, The Law Society, 31 maart 2023, https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/contact-or-visit-us/press-office/press-releases/a-decade-of-cuts-legal-aid-in-tatters.
Klimaatrechtvaardigheid
  1. ‘Ella’s life and her legacy’, About Ella, The Ella Roberta Foundation, geraadpleegd op 16 februari 2024, https://www.ellaroberta.org/about-ella.
  2. Sandra Laville, ‘Air pollution a cause in girl’s death, coroner rules in landmark case’, The Guardian, 16 december 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/16/girls-death-contributed-to-by-air-pollution-coroner-rules-in-landmark-case.
  3. Sandra Laville, ‘Ella Kissi-Debrah: how a mother’s fight for justice may help prevent other air pollution deaths’, The Guardian, 16 december 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/16/ella-kissi-debrah-mother-fight-justice-air-pollution-death.
  4. Amelia Gentleman, ‘Mother of girl whose death was linked to air pollution sues UK government’, The Guardian, 25 januari 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/25/mother-of-girl-who-died-from-air-pollution-sues-uk-government.
  5. Eva Maria Fjellheim, ‘Green colonialism, wind energy and climate justice in Sápmi’, Debates Indígenas, 1 oktober 2020, https://iwgia.org/en/news/4956-green-colonialism,-wind-energy-and-climate-justice-in-s%C3%A1pmi.html.
  6. ‘Müllner v. Austria’, Global Litigation, Climate Change Litigation Databases, geraadpleegd op 16 februari 2024, https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/mex-m-v-austria/.
  7. Patrizia Heidegger en Katy Wiese, Pushed to the Wastelands: Environmental Racism against Roma Communities in Central and Easter Europe (Brussels: European Environmental Burea, 2020), www.eeb.org/library/pushed-to-the-wastelands.
  8. Vlad Odobescu, ‘Roma fight environmental racism’, Deutsche Welle, 9 mei 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/living-in-a-sea-of-trash-roma-fight-environmental-racism-in-romania/a-58827229.
  9. Gary Fuller, ‘Air we breathe in UK depends on race and income, studies show’, The Guardian, 28 juli 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/28/air-breathe-uk-depends-race-income; ‘Press release: People of colour likelier living in high air pollution areas’, Friends of the Earth, 4 oktober 2022, https://friendsoftheearth.uk/sustainable-living/people-colour-likelier-living-high-air-pollution-areas; Lily Ramsey, ‘Black people still experience highest burden of air pollution-related deaths’, News Medical, 1 september 2023, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230901/Black-people-still-experience-highest-burden-of-air-pollution-related-deaths.aspx; Hiroko Tabuchi en Nadja Popovich, ‘People of Color Breathe More Hazardous Air. The Sources are Everywhere’, The New York Times, 28 april 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/climate/air-pollution-minorities.html; Imeh Ituen en Lisa Tatu Hey, The Elephant in the Room – Environmental Racism in Germany (Berlijn: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2021), https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2021-12/E-Paper_The_Elephant_in_the_Room.pdf.
  10. ‘People of colour likelier living in high air pollution areas’.
  11. ‘World faces “climate apartheid” risk, 120 more million in poverty: UN expert’, UN News, 25 juni 2019, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/06/1041261?utm_source=pocket_mylist.
  12. Damian Carrington, ‘“Climate apartheid”: UN expert says human rights may not survive’, The Guardian, 25 juni 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/25/climate-apartheid-united-nations-expert-says-human-rights-may-not-survive-crisis.
  13. Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò, Reconsidering Reparations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).
  14. Malcom Ferdinand, ‘Slavery as Ecocide: “Beyond the Double Fracture of Modernity”’, Society for Cultural Anthropology, 22 december 2021, https://culanth.org/fieldsights/slavery-as-ecocide-beyond-the-double-fracture-of-modernity; Malcom Ferdinand, Decolonial Ecology: Thinking from the Caribbean World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2021).
  15. Laurence Peter, ‘Pesticide poisoned French paradise islands in Caribbean’, BBC News, 25 oktober 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50144261; Ferdinand, Decolonial Ecology.'
  16. Olumide Abimbola et al., Racism and Climate (In)Justice: How Racism and Colonialism Shape the Climate Crisis and Climate Action (Berlijn: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2021), https://us.boell.org/en/2021/03/19/racism-and-climate-injustice-0.
  17. ‘Kenya: UN experts hails historic ruling awarding reparations to Ogiek indigenous peoples’, OHCHR Press Releases, 18 juli 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/kenya-un-expert-hails-historic-ruling-awarding-reparations-ogiek-indigenous.
  18. ‘Case of the Afro-descendant communities displaced from the Cacarica River Basin (Operation Genesis) v. Colombia’, Intern-American Court of Human Rights Judgement, 20 november 2013, https://summa.cejil.org/en/entity/0y1b0l20vmj10pb9?searchTerm=Paola%20Guzm%C3%A1n&page=4.
  19. Nani Jansen Reventlow, ‘Zolang we klimaat­oplos­sing­en kunnen “­kopen”, zal klimaat­elitarisme de overhand hebben’, de Volkskrant, 8 oktober 2023, https://www.nanijansen.org/press/.
  20. ‘The Green 10’, The Green 10, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://green10.org/.
  21. Tom Bawden, ‘Green movement must escape its “white middle-class ghetto”, says Friends of the Earth chief Craig Bennett’, The Independent, 5 juli 2015, https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/green-movement-must-escape-its-white-middleclass-ghetto-says-friends-of-the-earth-chief-craig-bennett-10366564.html.
  22. Zie bijvoorbeeld Tonny Nowshin, ‘We need to talk about racism in the climate movement’, Climate Change News, 30 juni 2020, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/06/30/need-talk-racism-climate-movement/.
  23. Maria Kett et al., Disability and Climate Justice Research Project (New York: Open Society Foundations, 2021), https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology_health_care/files/disability_and_climate_justice_research_project_final_to_share.pdf; Andre Felix, ‘COP28: persons with disabilities still excluded from climate change solutions’, European Disability Forum, 28 november 2023, https://www.edf-feph.org/cop28-persons-with-disabilities-still-excluded-from-climate-change-solutions/.
  24. Jessica Kutz, ‘Activists with disabilities want to lead the climate fight despite barriers in their way’, The 19th, 25 juli 2023. https://19thnews.org/2023/07/climate-change-activists-with-disabilities-barriers-accessibility/
  25. John Pring, ‘Anger as police confiscate Extinction Rebellion accessible toilets, ramps and wheelchairs’, Disability News Service, 10 oktober 2019, https://www.disabilitynewsservice.com/anger-as-police-confiscate-extinction-rebellion-accessible-toilets-ramps-and-wheelchairs/.
  26. Táíwò, Reconsidering Reparations.
Vrijheid van meningsuiting, macht en bevrijding
  1. Het internationaal recht heeft een duidelijke test om te bepalen of het recht op vrijheid van meningsuiting al dan niet wordt geschonden. Wanneer een vermeende schending plaatsvindt, worden twee dingen beoordeeld. Eén: is er sprake van een beperking van het recht op vrijheid van meningsuiting? Twee: is deze beperking toelaatbaar? Of de beperking al dan niet toelaatbaar is, wordt bepaald aan de hand van een drieledige test, waarbij wordt gekeken naar (1) of de beperking een toereikende basis had in wet- of regelgeving, (2) of de beperking een van de erkende legitieme doelen nastreeft voor het beperken van de vrijheid van meningsuiting (zoals het belang van nationale veiligheid, volksgezondheid of goede zeden), en (3) of de beperking, in de context bezien, proportioneel is.
  2. Meta’s Broken Promises, Systemic Censorship of Palestine Content on Instagram and Facebook (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2023), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2023/12/ip_meta1223%20web.pdf.
  3. Jalal Abukhater, The Impact of X Platform’s Content Moderation Policies on Palestinian Digital Rights (7amleh, 2024), https://7amleh.org/storage/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9%20%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3/The%20Impact%20of%20X%20.pdf.
  4. Gianluca Mauro en Hilke Schellmann, ‘“There is not standard”: investigation finds AI algorithms objectify women’s bodies’, The Guardian, 8 februari 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/08/biased-ai-algorithms-racy-women-bodies.
  5. Sam Biddle et al., ‘Invisible Censorship: TikTok told Moderators to Suppress Posts by “Ugly” People and the Poor to Attract New Users’, The Intercept, 16 maart 2020, https://theintercept.com/2020/03/16/tiktok-app-moderators-users-discrimination/.
  6.  The Digital Misogynoir Report: Ending the dehumanising of Black women on social media (Londen: Glitch, 2023), www.glitchcharity.co.uk/research.
  7. Toni Morrison, ‘Racism and Fascism’, The Journal of Negro Education 64, no. 3 (zomer 1995): 384-385, https://www.leeannhunter.com/gender/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Morrison-article.pdf.
  8. Arundhati Roy, ‘The Loneliness of Noam Chomsky’, Dissident Voices, 4 september 2003, https://dissidentvoice.org/Articles8/Roy_Chomsky.htm.
  9. bell hooks, ‘Censorship from Left and Right’, in Outlaw Culture, bell hooks (Routledge, 1994), 84.
Digitale rechten
  1. 'Femtech Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Type (Products, and Mobile Applications), By Application (Menstruation Care & Fertility Tracking, Pregnancy & Nursing Care, Menopausal Health, and General Health & Wellness), and Regional Forecast, 2024-2032’, Fortune Business Insights, 19 april 2024, https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/femtech-market-107413.
  2. Maryam Mehrenezhad et al., ‘Vision: Too Little too Late? Do the Risks of FemTech already Outweigh the Benefits?’ 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC 2022), 29-30 september 2022, Karlsruhe, Duitsland. ACM, New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1145/3549015.3554204. Geraadpleegd op 23 april 2024.
  3. Maryam Mehrnezhad, Thyla Van Der Merwe en Michael Catt, ‘Mind the FemTech gap: regulation failings and exploitative systems’, Frontiers of the Internet of Things 3 (2024), https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/friot.2024.1296599.
  4. Maryam Mehrnezhad, Laura Shipp, Teresa Almeida en Ehsan Toreini, ‘Vision: Too Little too Late? Do the Risks of FemTech already Outweigh the Benefits?’ Proceedings of the 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security (2022), https://doi.org/10.1145/3549015.3554204, 145–150.
  5. Matt Wade, ‘Access to credit a “human right”, says the father of microfinance’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 oktober 2014, https://www.smh.com.au/national/access-to-credit--a-human-right-says-the-father-of-microfinance-20141009-113j3x.html.
  6. Ryan Browne en MacKenzie Sigalos, ‘A.I. has a discrimination problem. In banking, the consequences can be severe’, CBNC, 23 juni 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/23/ai-has-a-discrimination-problem-in-banking-that-can-be-devastating.html.
  7. Marcia Stepanek, ‘Weblining’, Bloomberg, 3 april 2000, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2000-04-02/weblining.
  8. Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction (Londen: Penguin, 2016).
  9. Rakesh Kochhar en Mohamed Moslimani, Wealth Surged in the Pandemic, but Debt Endures for Poorer Black and Hispanic Families (Pew Research Center, 2023), https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/12/RE_2023.12.04_Race-Wealth_Report.pdf.
  10. Belastingdienst/Toeslagen, De verwerking van de nationaliteit van aanvragers van kinderopvangtoeslag (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, 2020), https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/nl/toeslagen/toeslagen.
  11. ‘Werkwijze Belastingdienst in strijd met de wet en discriminerend’, Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, 17 juli 2020, https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/actueel/werkwijze-belastingdienst-in-strijd-met-de-wet-en-discriminerend.
  12. Jeroen Wester, ‘De toeslagenaffaire was geen complot maar een klucht, met ongezonde mechanismen en perverse prikkels’, NRC, 18 februari 2021, https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/02/18/perverse-prikkels-in-politiek-den-haag-a4032398.
  13. ‘What is the Gangs Matrix?’ Amnesty International UK, 18 mei 2020, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/london-trident-gangs-matrix-metropolitan-police.
  14. Boris Babic, I. Glenn Cohen, Theodoros Evgeniou, Sara Gerke en Nikos Trichakis, ‘Can AI Fairly Decide Who Gets an Organ Transplant?’ Harvard Business Review, 1 december 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/12/can-ai-fairly-decide-who-gets-an-organ-transplant.
  15. Megan Specia, ‘Parents, Students and Teachers Give Britain a Failing Grade over Exam Results’, The New York Times, 17 augustus 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/14/world/europe/england-a-level-results.html.
  16. Cathy O’Neil, ‘The era of blind faith in big data must end’, TED 2017, https://www.ted.com/talks/cathy_o_neil_the_era_of_blind_faith_in_big_data_must_end.
  17. Jannik Lindner, ‘Silicon Valley Diversity Statistics’, Gitnux, 16 december 2023, https://gitnux.org/silicon-valley-diversity-statistics/.
  18. Sarah K. White, ‘Women in tech statistics: The hard truths of an uphill battle’, CIO, 8 maart 2024, https://www.cio.com/article/201905/women-in-tech-statistics-the-hard-truths-of-an-uphill-battle.html
  19. White, ‘Women in tech statistics: The hard truths of an uphill battle’.
  20. Lindner, ‘Silicon Valley Diversity Statistics’.
  21. ‘Bill Gates quotes: words of wisdom from the Microsoft mogul’, The Telegraph, 24 mei 2017, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/bill-gates-quotes-words-wisdom-microsoft-mogul/.
  22. Zoe Kleinman, ‘Artificial intelligence: How to avoid racist algorithms’, BBC News, 14 april 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39533308.
  23. Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression – How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: NYU Press, 2018).
  24. Hamza Shaban, ‘Google diversity report: Black women make up only 1.2% of U.S, workforce', The Washington Post, 15 juni 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/06/15/google-diversity-report-black-women-make-up-only-1-2-percent-of-its-u-s-workforce/?noredirect=on.
  25. Virginia Eubanks, Automating Inequality, How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2018).
  26. Philip Alston, ‘Statement on Visit to the United Kingdom, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights’, UN OHCHR, 16 november 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Poverty/EOM_GB_16Nov2018.pdf.
  27. ‘This is the EU’s chance to stop racism in artificial intelligence’, EDRi, 15 maart 2021. https://edri.org/our-work/this-is-the-eus-chance-to-stop-racism-in-ai/.
  28. ‘Take Action, Learn More, AI Justice League’, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://www.ajl.org/learn-more.
  29. ‘Design Justice Network Principles’, Read the Principles, Design Justice Network, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://designjustice.org/read-the-principles.
  30. ‘Une application mobile pour filmer les violences policières’, Reporterre, 28 april 2020, https://reporterre.net/Une-application-mobile-pour-filmer-les-violences-policieres.
  31. Sénamé Koffi Agbodjinou. ‘African smart cities in 2030’, Field Actions Science Reports, Special Issue 22 (2020): 40-43, http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/6267.
  32. Koffi Agbodjinou, ‘African smart cities in 2030’.
  33. ‘Hacking the Patriarchy and Building Alternative, Feminist, Community-Based Technologies’, Capire, 20 januari 2021. https://capiremov.org/en/interview/hacking-the-patriarchy/.
  34. Radical Infrastructure for Communal Healing’, The Centric Lab, geraadpleegd op 29 maart 2024, https://www.thecentriclab.com/.
  35. Centric Lab, ‘Radical infrastructure for Communal Healing’.
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